Raid 独立磁盘冗余阵列

Posted on by hackdl

Raid存储的实现

概念：

RAID （ Redundant Array of Independent Disks ）即独立磁盘冗余阵列，简称为「磁盘阵列」，其实就是用多个独立的磁盘组成在一起形成一个大的磁盘系统，从而实现比单块磁盘更好的存储性能和更高的可靠性。

种类：

Raid 0：至少需要两块硬盘，磁盘越多，读写速度越快，没有冗余。

Raid 1：只能用两块硬盘，两块硬盘的数据互为镜像(写慢，读快)，一块磁盘冗余。

Raid 5：至少需要3块硬盘，一块磁盘冗余。它是最通行的配置方式。具有奇偶校验的数据恢复功能的数据存贮方式。奇偶校验数据块分布于阵列里的各个硬盘中。

Raid 6：至少需要4块硬盘，2块磁盘冗余,硬盘的总数大于等于4即可。

Raid 10：至少需要4块硬盘，冗余一半的硬盘数量，但是硬盘的总数必须是大于或等于4的偶数（相当于每两块硬盘做一个Raid0，然后把各个Raid0做成一个Raid1）。

Raid 50：至少需要6块硬盘，磁盘的冗余相当于每三个硬盘做了一个Raid5，然后，每个Raid5又组合成了Raid0（Raid5中有一个硬盘冗余，即使坏了也不会破坏Raid0），所以，Raid50的磁盘的 冗余硬盘数量=磁盘总数÷3 。

Raid 60：至少需要8块硬盘

raid 0的创建

RAID0 是一种非常简单的的方式，它将多块磁盘组合在一起形成一个大容量的存储。当我们要写数据的时候，会将数据分为N份，以独立的方式实现N块磁盘的读写，那么这N份数据会同时并发的写到磁盘中，因此执行性能非常的高。RAID0 的读写性能理论上是单块磁盘的N倍（仅限理论，因为实际中磁盘的寻址时间也是性能占用的大头）

但RAID0的问题是，它并不提供数据校验或冗余备份，因此一旦某块磁盘损坏了，数据就直接丢失，无法恢复了。因此RAID0就不可能用于高要求的业务中，但可以用在对可靠性要求不高，对读写性能要求高的场景中。

添加4块硬盘，每块50G

  • 显示

  • 命令查看

    [root@localhost ~]# lsblk
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda               8:0    0   200G  0 disk 
├─sda1            8:1    0     1G  0 part /boot
└─sda2            8:2    0   199G  0 part 
  ├─centos-root 253:0    0    50G  0 lvm  /
  ├─centos-swap 253:1    0   7.9G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
  └─centos-home 253:2    0 141.1G  0 lvm  
sdb               8:16   0    50G  0 disk 
sdc               8:32   0    50G  0 disk 
sdd               8:48   0    50G  0 disk 
sde               8:64   0    50G  0 disk 
sr0              11:0    1   4.2G  0 rom

  • 下载mdadm命令

    #检索
[root@localhost ~]# yum provides *bin/mdadm
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirrors.cqu.edu.cn
 * extras: mirrors.cqu.edu.cn
 * updates: mirrors.cqu.edu.cn
base                                                                                                          | 3.6 kB  00:00:00     
extras                                                                                                        | 2.9 kB  00:00:00     
updates                                                                                                       | 2.9 kB  00:00:00     
updates/7/x86_64/primary_db                                                                                   |  20 MB  00:00:07     
mdadm-4.1-6.el7.x86_64 : The mdadm program controls Linux md devices (software RAID arrays)
Repo        : base
Matched from:
Filename    : /usr/sbin/mdadm



updates/7/x86_64/filelists_db                                                                                 |  11 MB  00:00:04     
mdadm-4.1-7.el7_9.x86_64 : The mdadm program controls Linux md devices (software RAID arrays)
Repo        : updates
Matched from:
Filename    : /usr/sbin/mdadm



mdadm-4.1-8.el7_9.x86_64 : The mdadm program controls Linux md devices (software RAID arrays)
Repo        : updates
Matched from:
Filename    : /usr/sbin/mdadm



mdadm-4.1-9.el7_9.x86_64 : The mdadm program controls Linux md devices (software RAID arrays)
Repo        : updates
Matched from:
Filename    : /usr/sbin/mdadm

#安装
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install mdadm
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirrors.cqu.edu.cn
 * extras: mirrors.cqu.edu.cn
 * updates: mirrors.cqu.edu.cn
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package mdadm.x86_64 0:4.1-9.el7_9 will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: libreport-filesystem for package: mdadm-4.1-9.el7_9.x86_64
--> Running transaction check
......

  • 用两块磁盘创建raid 0

    [root@localhost ~]# mdadm --create /dev/md0 --level 0 --raid-device 2 /dev/sd{b,c}
mdadm: Fail to create md0 when using /sys/module/md_mod/parameters/new_array, fallback to creation via node
mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
mdadm: array /dev/md0 started.
[root@localhost ~]# lsblk
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE  MOUNTPOINT
sda               8:0    0   200G  0 disk  
├─sda1            8:1    0     1G  0 part  /boot
└─sda2            8:2    0   199G  0 part  
  ├─centos-root 253:0    0    50G  0 lvm   /
  ├─centos-swap 253:1    0   7.9G  0 lvm   [SWAP]
  └─centos-home 253:2    0 141.1G  0 lvm   
sdb               8:16   0    50G  0 disk  
└─md0             9:0    0   100G  0 raid0 
sdc               8:32   0    50G  0 disk  
└─md0             9:0    0   100G  0 raid0 
sdd               8:48   0    50G  0 disk  
sde               8:64   0    50G  0 disk  
sr0              11:0    1   4.2G  0 rom

  • 格式化md0，并挂载

    #格式化
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/md0 
meta-data=/dev/md0               isize=512    agcount=16, agsize=1637248 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=0, sparse=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=26195968, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=128    swidth=256 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=12792, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=8 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0

#挂载
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /raid0
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/md0 /raid0
[root@localhost ~]# df -hT
Filesystem              Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/centos-root xfs        50G   14G   37G  28% /
devtmpfs                devtmpfs  3.8G     0  3.8G   0% /dev
tmpfs                   tmpfs     3.9G     0  3.9G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                   tmpfs     3.9G   12M  3.8G   1% /run
tmpfs                   tmpfs     3.9G     0  3.9G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1               xfs      1014M  142M  873M  14% /boot
tmpfs                   tmpfs     781M     0  781M   0% /run/user/0
/dev/md0                xfs       100G   33M  100G   1% /raid0

  • 添加到开机自启动配置文件里面

    [root@localhost ~]# blkid /dev/md0
/dev/md0: UUID="cc930653-5ab7-43a0-87e4-6906c3d1bd98" TYPE="xfs" 
[root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/fstab
/dev/mapper/centos-root /                       xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=60defebd-6b85-43da-b5ce-1977bac72048 /boot                   xfs     defaults        0 0
#/dev/mapper/centos-home /home                   xfs     defaults        0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
UUID=cc930653-5ab7-43a0-87e4-6906c3d1bd98    /raid0     xfs    defaults  0 0

raid 1的创建

RAID1 是磁盘阵列中单位成本最高的一种方式。因为它的原理是在往磁盘写数据的时候，将同一份数据无差别的写两份到磁盘，分别写到工作磁盘和镜像磁盘，那么它的实际空间使用率只有50%了，两块磁盘当做一块用，这是一种比较昂贵的方案。

RAID1其实与RAID0效果刚好相反。RAID1 这种写双份的做法，就给数据做了一个冗余备份。这样的话，任何一块磁盘损坏了，都可以再基于另外一块磁盘去恢复数据，数据的可靠性非常强，但性能就没那么好了。

  • 两块磁盘创建raid 1

    [root@localhost ~]# mdadm --create /dev/md1 --level 1 --raid-device 2 /dev/sd{e,f}
mdadm: Note: this array has metadata at the start and
    may not be suitable as a boot device.  If you plan to
    store '/boot' on this device please ensure that
    your boot-loader understands md/v1.x metadata, or use
    --metadata=0.90
mdadm: cannot open /dev/sdf: No such file or directory
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm --create /dev/md1 --level 1 --raid-device 2 /dev/sd{d,e}
mdadm: Note: this array has metadata at the start and
    may not be suitable as a boot device.  If you plan to
    store '/boot' on this device please ensure that
    your boot-loader understands md/v1.x metadata, or use
    --metadata=0.90
Continue creating array? y
mdadm: Fail to create md1 when using /sys/module/md_mod/parameters/new_array, fallback to creation via node
mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
mdadm: array /dev/md1 started.

  • 查看，并格式化挂载

    #查看
[root@localhost ~]# lsblk
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE  MOUNTPOINT
sda               8:0    0   200G  0 disk  
├─sda1            8:1    0     1G  0 part  /boot
└─sda2            8:2    0   199G  0 part  
  ├─centos-root 253:0    0    50G  0 lvm   /
  ├─centos-swap 253:1    0   7.9G  0 lvm   [SWAP]
  └─centos-home 253:2    0 141.1G  0 lvm   
sdb               8:16   0    50G  0 disk  
└─md0             9:0    0   100G  0 raid0 
sdc               8:32   0    50G  0 disk  
└─md0             9:0    0   100G  0 raid0 
sdd               8:48   0    50G  0 disk  
└─md1             9:1    0    50G  0 raid1 
sde               8:64   0    50G  0 disk  
└─md1             9:1    0    50G  0 raid1 
sr0              11:0    1   4.2G  0 rom   

#格式化
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/md1
meta-data=/dev/md1               isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=3274688 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=0, sparse=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=13098752, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=6395, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0

#挂载
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /raid1
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/md1 /raid1
[root@localhost ~]# df -hT
Filesystem              Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/centos-root xfs        50G   14G   37G  28% /
devtmpfs                devtmpfs  3.8G     0  3.8G   0% /dev
tmpfs                   tmpfs     3.9G     0  3.9G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                   tmpfs     3.9G   12M  3.8G   1% /run
tmpfs                   tmpfs     3.9G     0  3.9G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1               xfs      1014M  142M  873M  14% /boot
tmpfs                   tmpfs     781M     0  781M   0% /run/user/0
/dev/md1                xfs        50G   33M   50G   1% /raid1

  • 添加到开机自启动配置文件里

    [root@localhost ~]# umount /raid1
[root@localhost ~]# blkid /dev/md1
/dev/md1: UUID="401222a9-5c23-47cb-936a-aa03101cbb1a" TYPE="xfs" 
[root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/fstab
/dev/mapper/centos-root /                       xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=60defebd-6b85-43da-b5ce-1977bac72048 /boot                   xfs     defaults        0 0
#/dev/mapper/centos-home /home                   xfs     defaults        0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
UUID=401222a9-5c23-47cb-936a-aa03101cbb1a     /raid1    xfs   defaults   0 0

raid 5的创建

RAID 5是目前用的最多的一种方式。因为 RAID5 是一种将 存储性能、数据安全、存储成本 兼顾的一种方案。RAID5模式中，不再需要用单独的磁盘写校验码了。它把校验码信息分布到各个磁盘上。例如，总共有N块磁盘，那么会将要写入的数据分成N份，并发的写入到N块磁盘中，同时还将数据的校验码信息也写入到这N块磁盘中（数据与对应的校验码信息必须得分开存储在不同的磁盘上）。一旦某一块磁盘损坏了，就可以用剩下的数据和对应的奇偶校验码信息去恢复损坏的数据。

RAID5校验位算法原理：P = D1 xor D2 xor D3 … xor Dn （D1,D2,D3 … Dn为数据块，P为校验，xor为异或运算）

RAID5的方式，最少需要三块磁盘来组建磁盘阵列，允许最多同时坏一块磁盘。如果有两块磁盘同时损坏了，那数据就无法恢复了。

添加3块硬盘，每块20G

  • 显示

  • 查看

    [root@localhost ~]# lsblk
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda               8:0    0   200G  0 disk 
├─sda1            8:1    0     1G  0 part /boot
└─sda2            8:2    0   199G  0 part 
  ├─centos-root 253:0    0    50G  0 lvm  /
  ├─centos-swap 253:1    0   7.9G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
  └─centos-home 253:2    0 141.1G  0 lvm  
sdb               8:16   0    20G  0 disk 
sdc               8:32   0    20G  0 disk 
sdd               8:48   0    20G  0 disk

  • 创建raid 5

    [root@localhost ~]# mdadm --create /dev/md5 --raid-device 3 /dev/sd{b,c,d}
mdadm: a RAID level is needed to create an array.
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm --create /dev/md5 --level 5 --raid-device 3 /dev/sd{b,c,d}
mdadm: Fail to create md5 when using /sys/module/md_mod/parameters/new_array, fallback to creation via node
mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
mdadm: array /dev/md5 started.
[root@localhost ~]# lsblk
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE  MOUNTPOINT
sda               8:0    0   200G  0 disk  
├─sda1            8:1    0     1G  0 part  /boot
└─sda2            8:2    0   199G  0 part  
  ├─centos-root 253:0    0    50G  0 lvm   /
  ├─centos-swap 253:1    0   7.9G  0 lvm   [SWAP]
  └─centos-home 253:2    0 141.1G  0 lvm   
sdb               8:16   0    20G  0 disk  
└─md5             9:5    0    40G  0 raid5 
sdc               8:32   0    20G  0 disk  
└─md5             9:5    0    40G  0 raid5 
sdd               8:48   0    20G  0 disk  
└─md5             9:5    0    40G  0 raid5

  • 格式化挂载

    #格式化
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/md5
meta-data=/dev/md5               isize=512    agcount=16, agsize=654720 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=0, sparse=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=10475520, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=128    swidth=256 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=5120, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=8 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0

#挂载
[root@localhost ~]# df -hT
Filesystem              Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/centos-root xfs        50G   14G   37G  28% /
devtmpfs                devtmpfs  3.8G     0  3.8G   0% /dev
tmpfs                   tmpfs     3.9G     0  3.9G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                   tmpfs     3.9G   12M  3.8G   1% /run
tmpfs                   tmpfs     3.9G     0  3.9G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1               xfs      1014M  142M  873M  14% /boot
tmpfs                   tmpfs     781M     0  781M   0% /run/user/0
/dev/md5                xfs        40G   33M   40G   1% /raid5

  • 添加到开机自启动配置文件里

    [root@localhost ~]# blkid /dev/md5
/dev/md5: UUID="0d4231a6-6c05-4c89-a489-671cf062c966" TYPE="xfs" 
[root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/fstab
/dev/mapper/centos-root /                       xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=60defebd-6b85-43da-b5ce-1977bac72048 /boot                   xfs     defaults        0 0
#/dev/mapper/centos-home /home                   xfs     defaults        0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
UUID=0d4231a6-6c05-4c89-a489-671cf062c966    /raid5   xfs   defaults 0 0

raid 10的创建

RAID10兼备了RAID1和RAID0的有优点。首先基于RAID1模式将磁盘分为2份，当要写入数据的时候，将所有的数据在两份磁盘上同时写入，相当于写了双份数据，起到了数据保障的作用。且在每一份磁盘上又会基于RAID0技术讲数据分为N份并发的读写，这样也保障了数据的效率。

但也可以看出RAID10模式是有一半的磁盘空间用于存储冗余数据的，浪费的很严重，因此用的也不是很多。

添加4块硬盘，每块100G

  • 显示

  • 查看

    [root@localhost ~]# lsblk
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda               8:0    0   200G  0 disk 
├─sda1            8:1    0     1G  0 part /boot
└─sda2            8:2    0   199G  0 part 
  ├─centos-root 253:0    0    50G  0 lvm  /
  ├─centos-swap 253:1    0   7.9G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
  └─centos-home 253:2    0 141.1G  0 lvm  
sdb               8:16   0   100G  0 disk 
sdc               8:32   0   100G  0 disk 
sdd               8:48   0   100G  0 disk 
sde               8:64   0   100G  0 disk 
sr0              11:0    1   4.2G  0 rom

  • 创建raid 10

    [root@localhost ~]# mdadm --create /dev/md10 --level 10 --raid-device 4 /dev/sd{b,c,d,e}
mdadm: Fail to create md10 when using /sys/module/md_mod/parameters/new_array, fallback to creation via node
mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
mdadm: array /dev/md10 started.
[root@localhost ~]# lsblk
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE   MOUNTPOINT
sda               8:0    0   200G  0 disk   
├─sda1            8:1    0     1G  0 part   /boot
└─sda2            8:2    0   199G  0 part   
  ├─centos-root 253:0    0    50G  0 lvm    /
  ├─centos-swap 253:1    0   7.9G  0 lvm    [SWAP]
  └─centos-home 253:2    0 141.1G  0 lvm    
sdb               8:16   0   100G  0 disk   
└─md10            9:10   0 199.9G  0 raid10 
sdc               8:32   0   100G  0 disk   
└─md10            9:10   0 199.9G  0 raid10 
sdd               8:48   0   100G  0 disk   
└─md10            9:10   0 199.9G  0 raid10 
sde               8:64   0   100G  0 disk   
└─md10            9:10   0 199.9G  0 raid10 
sr0              11:0    1   4.2G  0 rom

  • 磁盘格式化并挂载

    #格式化
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/md10
meta-data=/dev/md10              isize=512    agcount=16, agsize=3274624 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=0, sparse=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=52393984, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=128    swidth=256 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=25584, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=8 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0

#挂载
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /raid10
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/md10 /raid10
[root@localhost ~]# df -hT
Filesystem              Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/centos-root xfs        50G   14G   37G  28% /
devtmpfs                devtmpfs  3.8G     0  3.8G   0% /dev
tmpfs                   tmpfs     3.9G     0  3.9G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                   tmpfs     3.9G   12M  3.8G   1% /run
tmpfs                   tmpfs     3.9G     0  3.9G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1               xfs      1014M  142M  873M  14% /boot
tmpfs                   tmpfs     781M     0  781M   0% /run/user/0
/dev/md10               xfs       200G   33M  200G   1% /raid10

  • 添加到开机自启动配置文件里

    [root@localhost ~]# blkid /dev/md10
/dev/md10: UUID="c57bbd24-efc0-4521-a4d7-a870f012c430" TYPE="xfs" 
[root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/fstab
/dev/mapper/centos-root /                       xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=60defebd-6b85-43da-b5ce-1977bac72048 /boot                   xfs     defaults        0 0
#/dev/mapper/centos-home /home                   xfs     defaults        0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
UUID=c57bbd24-efc0-4521-a4d7-a870f012c430   /raid10    xfs   defaults  0 0

磁盘分区，格式化，挂载

分区

添加一块2T磁盘

查看所有磁盘情况

  • 命令：

    [root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sdb: 2147.5 GB, 2147483648000 bytes, 4194304000 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes


Disk /dev/sda: 214.7 GB, 214748364800 bytes, 419430400 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x00097353

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *        2048     2099199     1048576   83  Linux
/dev/sda2         2099200   419430399   208665600   8e  Linux LVM

Disk /dev/mapper/centos-root: 53.7 GB, 53687091200 bytes, 104857600 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes


Disk /dev/mapper/centos-swap: 8455 MB, 8455716864 bytes, 16515072 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes


Disk /dev/mapper/centos-home: 151.5 GB, 151523426304 bytes, 295944192 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

分区开始

  • 内容为1个primary分区,1个exetended分区,3个logical分区

    #创建主分区
Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 2147.5 GB, 2147483648000 bytes, 4194304000 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xb65bdaed

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
   e   extended
Select (default p): 
Using default response p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 
First sector (2048-4194303999, default 2048): 
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-4194303999, default 4194303999): +10G
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 10 GiB is set

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 2147.5 GB, 2147483648000 bytes, 4194304000 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xb65bdaed

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048    20973567    10485760   83  Linux

#创建扩展分区
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p   primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
   e   extended
Select (default p): e
Partition number (2-4, default 2): 
First sector (20973568-4194303999, default 20973568): 
Using default value 20973568
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (20973568-4194303999, default 4194303999): 
Using default value 4194303999
Partition 2 of type Extended and of size 2 TiB is set

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 2147.5 GB, 2147483648000 bytes, 4194304000 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xb65bdaed

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048    20973567    10485760   83  Linux
/dev/sdb2        20973568  4194303999  2086665216    5  Extended

#创建3个逻辑分区
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p   primary (1 primary, 1 extended, 2 free)
   l   logical (numbered from 5)
Select (default p): l
Adding logical partition 5
First sector (20975616-4194303999, default 20975616): 
Using default value 20975616
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (20975616-4194303999, default 4194303999): +20G
Partition 5 of type Linux and of size 20 GiB is set

Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p   primary (1 primary, 1 extended, 2 free)
   l   logical (numbered from 5)
Select (default p): l
Adding logical partition 6
First sector (62920704-4194303999, default 62920704): 
Using default value 62920704
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (62920704-4194303999, default 4194303999): +30G
Partition 6 of type Linux and of size 30 GiB is set

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 2147.5 GB, 2147483648000 bytes, 4194304000 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x10285311

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048    20973567    10485760   83  Linux
/dev/sdb2        20973568  4194303999  2086665216    5  Extended
/dev/sdb5        20975616    62918655    20971520   83  Linux
/dev/sdb6        62920704   125835263    31457280   83  Linux

Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p   primary (1 primary, 1 extended, 2 free)
   l   logical (numbered from 5)
Select (default p): l
Adding logical partition 7
First sector (125837312-4194303999, default 125837312): 
Using default value 125837312
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (125837312-4194303999, default 4194303999): +50G
Partition 7 of type Linux and of size 50 GiB is set

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 2147.5 GB, 2147483648000 bytes, 4194304000 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x10285311

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048    20973567    10485760   83  Linux
/dev/sdb2        20973568  4194303999  2086665216    5  Extended
/dev/sdb5        20975616    62918655    20971520   83  Linux
/dev/sdb6        62920704   125835263    31457280   83  Linux
/dev/sdb7       125837312   230694911    52428800   83  Linux

分区结束保存退出

  • 命令：

    #w保存退出
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

#刷新磁盘
[root@localhost ~]# partprobe 
Warning: Unable to open /dev/sr0 read-write (Read-only file system).  /dev/sr0 has been opened read-only.

  • 查看

    [root@localhost ~]# lsblk
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda               8:0    0   200G  0 disk 
├─sda1            8:1    0     1G  0 part /boot
└─sda2            8:2    0   199G  0 part 
  ├─centos-root 253:0    0    50G  0 lvm  /
  ├─centos-swap 253:1    0   7.9G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
  └─centos-home 253:2    0 141.1G  0 lvm  
sdb               8:16   0     2T  0 disk 
├─sdb1            8:17   0    10G  0 part 
├─sdb2            8:18   0     1K  0 part 
├─sdb5            8:21   0    20G  0 part 
├─sdb6            8:22   0    30G  0 part 
└─sdb7            8:23   0    50G  0 part 
sr0              11:0    1   4.2G  0 rom  

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sdb: 2147.5 GB, 2147483648000 bytes, 4194304000 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xe4f035bc

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048    20973567    10485760   83  Linux
/dev/sdb2        20973568  4194303999  2086665216    5  Extended
/dev/sdb5        20975616    62918655    20971520   83  Linux
/dev/sdb6        62920704   125835263    31457280   83  Linux
/dev/sdb7       125837312   230694911    52428800   83  Linux

格式化与挂载

取分区的磁盘进行格式化

  • 命令：

    #设置/dev/sdb6的文件格式为xfs
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/sdb6
meta-data=/dev/sdb6              isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=1966080 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=0, sparse=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=7864320, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=3840, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0

#将sdb6挂载到mnt文件夹
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/sdb6 /mnt
[root@localhost ~]# df -hT
Filesystem              Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/centos-root xfs        50G   14G   37G  28% /
devtmpfs                devtmpfs  3.8G     0  3.8G   0% /dev
tmpfs                   tmpfs     3.9G     0  3.9G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                   tmpfs     3.9G   12M  3.8G   1% /run
tmpfs                   tmpfs     3.9G     0  3.9G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1               xfs      1014M  142M  873M  14% /boot
tmpfs                   tmpfs     781M     0  781M   0% /run/user/0
/dev/sdb6               xfs        30G   33M   30G   1% /mnt

#配置开机自启动挂载
[root@localhost ~]# blkid /dev/sdb6
/dev/sdb6: UUID="57eb7bba-cc7a-4f6c-99bf-bccb067d266f" TYPE="xfs" 
[root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/fstab 
/dev/mapper/centos-root /                       xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=60defebd-6b85-43da-b5ce-1977bac72048 /boot                   xfs     defaults        0 0
#/dev/mapper/centos-home /home                   xfs     defaults        0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
UUID="57eb7bba-cc7a-4f6c-99bf-bccb067d266f"  /mnt  xfs  defaults 0 0

利用磁盘创建swap分区

  • 更改磁盘id为swap

    #更改/dev/sdb7的id为82
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1,2,5-7, default 7): 7
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 82
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux swap / Solaris'

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost ~]# partprobe 
Warning: Unable to open /dev/sr0 read-write (Read-only file system).  /dev/sr0 has been opened read-only.
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sdb: 2147.5 GB, 2147483648000 bytes, 4194304000 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xe4f035bc

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048    20973567    10485760   83  Linux
/dev/sdb2        20973568  4194303999  2086665216    5  Extended
/dev/sdb5        20975616    62918655    20971520   83  Linux
/dev/sdb6        62920704   125835263    31457280   83  Linux
/dev/sdb7       125837312   230694911    52428800   82  Linux swap / Solaris

  • 格式化

    [root@localhost ~]# mkswap /dev/sdb7
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 52428796 KiB
no label, UUID=a48e154b-4da3-4771-9e09-8a357aa6049b

  • 挂载到swap分区

    #查看swap分区有7G
[root@localhost ~]# free -h
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:           7.6G        181M        7.2G         11M        295M        7.2G
Swap:          7.9G          0B        7.9G

#添加/dev/sdb7后
[root@localhost ~]# swapon /dev/sdb7
[root@localhost ~]# free -h
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:           7.6G        221M        7.1G         11M        295M        7.1G
Swap:           57G          0B         57G

  • 实现自动挂载

    [root@localhost ~]# blkid /dev/sdb7
/dev/sdb7: UUID="6c77c8f6-9b57-4def-9885-d92a45b7abe4" TYPE="swap" 
[root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/fstab 
/dev/mapper/centos-root /                       xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=60defebd-6b85-43da-b5ce-1977bac72048 /boot                   xfs     defaults        0 0
#/dev/mapper/centos-home /home                   xfs     defaults        0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
UUID="6c77c8f6-9b57-4def-9885-d92a45b7abe4"   swap  swap   defaults 0 0

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